Pleospora herbarum

General description: 

Anamorph: conidiomata absent. Conidiophores developing from a small immersed stroma, 20–72 × 4–6 μm, erect, flexuous, often caespitose, 1- to 7-septate, pale to mid brown or olivaceous, with a swollen apical conidiogenous cell 7–11 μm diam., and slightly roughened toward the apex, with a single apical pore 5–8 μm diam. and a broad dark verrucose band below the apex; several successive conidiogenous cells may form by proliferation through the apical pore. Conidia 27-42 x 24-30 µm, broadly cylindrical to cylindric-ellipsoidal or ovoid to subdoliiform, olivaceous to brown, usually with three transverse septa and 1-3 longitudinal septa, often constricted at the central transverse septum, with a single basal pore ca 8 μm diam. and a minutely verrucose or echinulate outer wall, without a gelatinous sheath or epispore.
Teleomorph: ascostromata 300–500 μm diam., scattered, immersed to erumpent from the tissue of the host, globose or somewhat flattened, with a thick, rather irregular black wall, often containing only a few asci. Interascal tissue composed of thin-walled cellular pseudoparaphyses that are branched and anastomosed, and 2-3 µm diam. Asci 90–250 × 20–50 μm, cylindric-ellipsoidal to broadly saccate, short-stalked to almost sessile, thick-walled and fissitunicate, the apex rounded with a distinct ocular chamber, 8-spored. Ascospores irregularly biseriate, 26–50 × 10–20 μm, light to dark yellow-brown, ellipsoid to clavate, usually with 7 transverse septa, slightly constricted at the three primary transverse septa, finally muriform, smooth or verruculose, in some collections at least with a broad gelatinous sheath.

Conservation status: 

Not formally assessed, but the species is very common and widespread and would certainly be considered as of Least Concern.

Phylogeny: 

Could well be a species complex, but recent research (Inderbitzin et al. 2009) did not identify clearly defined cryptic species using a multigene approach. A broader sampling strategy might change this.

Associations: 

Associated with a very wide range of dead herbaceous plant material, also occasionally on dead leaves of woody plants.

Distribution: 

Throughout the British Isles and Ireland. It appears especially common in maritime environments, but this may be a sampling artifact.

Notes: 
Description adapted from Booth & Pirozynski (1967) and Ellis (1971). The anamorph is frequently referred to as Stemphylium herbarum but is questionably distinct from S. vesicarium; with the uninomial nomenclatural system these names will be superseded.
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith